Beyond Revanche The Historical / Political thriller.

Published in the USA by Trine Day Publishers and available currently through Amazon UK Books

From Historical fact to gripping historical novel.

Let’s face it, many readers don’t appreciate a History Book, which is disappointing in many ways but quite understandable. People read to enjoy, to broaden their horizons, to seek different viewpoints, to educate themselves and so on. The list of reasons is long and personal. All are valid. Hidden History, The Secret Origins of the First World War written in partnership with my colleague, Jim Macgregor, has been very successful with hardback sales of over 20,000 and e-book versions catching up quickly. It has been translated into French, German, Iranian and is in the process of production in Hungary.

Unfortunately the original Scottish publishers, Mainstream, were bought over by Random House who decided not to continue the proposed publication of part two of a very successful book. Thus Prolonging the Agony was published in the USA thanks to Trine Day and was translated into German by Kopp Verlag and French by Editions NouvellesTerre. Both Jim and I are grateful to the trust and confidence of the publishing houses who stepped in to make Prolonging the Agony a success.

This blog series has had 400,000 views and is still winning positive comments and new readers eight years after its inception. A Youtube series with James Corbett has had over 1.3 million viewers, and again our thanks to James for his enthusiasm is heartfelt. But the challenge to tell this story to millions more readers appeared problematic. Hence Beyond Revanche. A murder-mystery conspiracy story based on the facts which Jim and I unearthed and wrote passionately about in the previous histories.

The new genre.

And what a challenge this has been. Exciting, demanding, learning new techniques, developing new skills. I didn’t realise just how much had to be learned in taking a history and turning it into a pulsating novel. Five revisions later (and a great deal of advice given and received) the result will I hope captivate you and appeal to the many people you know who don’t read history. The facts are all laid bare. Centred in Paris throughout the war, Beyond Revanche has all of the characters who people the political and secret powers who made the First World War happen. Poincare, the French President, Czar Nicholas II, the Kaiser, through the scandals of Briey, the so-called Belgian Relief scheme, the destruction of Paris, the close-run survival of the Allies in 1914, the hunger and pain, the shocking haemorrhaging of young life and eventually to the embarrassment of Versailles itself. The Facts are Facts, including the attempt to assassinate Clemenceau in Paris in 1918.

The new characters

The story is told through the eyes and experience of a young French policeman Mathieu Bertrand, who for horrendous reasons, is transferred to Paris to be part of the newly formed flying Squad called The Tigers. They are embroiled in the scandalous behaviour of the Parisian upper-class and an incredible trial which ended days before war was declared. In fact it is a smokescreen. The Tigers are unable to stop a shocking assassination which targeted the one man who might have been an impediment to war and the devastation is unleashed.

At the same time, there is a running commentary of events before and after the declaration of war from a completely different viewpoint. The reader is able to follow what happened through the eyes and mind of the assassin who, though arrested in 1914, is not tried in court until 1919 … itself a stunning fact of gross injustice. The narrative is split between the two viewpoints, leaving the reader to decide who deserves their sympathy.

Once at war, Mathieu Bertrand and the Tigers are moved to the famous Dieuxieme Bureau and given a wide responsibility for protecting the populace, including twisted politicians who flee Paris to black-marketeers and thieves who thrive like rats in the sewer. Little known facts about life in the French capital, a life which was bitter and at times merciless. Corruption and injustice poured out of the capital like a sewer in flood. The savage tale of the last year of war in Paris is highlighted. Basil Zaharoff and his protective entourage, the Commite des Forges and other charlatans thrive in a country blighted by the horrendous conflict until it almost ends in the Armistice. And are they brought to justice? Of course not. Versailles brings that conflict to a temporary end. We know to our cost what followed barely twenty years later.

But Beyond Revanche goes further. It tracks the injustices through to the last. The assassin escapes his deserts and the revival of a jubilant right-wing French leadership leads to a devastating murder because of which, Mathieu Bertrand is forced to make a life-changing decision.

Here is a story you might think you know already, seen from a different point of view. It is what I would call faction. By that I mean fiction merged with fact. Historical novels have long played a role in popularising the story behind the raw bones of history and that is my intention.

If we can urge people who don’t know the inside truth about the First World War but enjoy a good murder / mystery read, Beyond Revanche might be the answer. It could be a catalyst to start them thinking about the First World War in a completely different light. You would enjoy it too, I hope.

Thanks for reading this précise. The real thing is much more exciting!

Gerry Docherty

Available currently from Amazon UK books and Amazon Books in the USA in all formats. The publishers are currently negotiating distribution contacts in the UK.





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July 1914 (1) Creating The Perfect Storm

First World War Hidden History

Although the smouldering distrust and racially inflamed tensions that continually raised the political temperature in the Balkans were very deliberately reignited by the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, the spark failed to catch fire immediately. Civilised Europe was certainly stunned by the double murder. His uncle, the elderly Austrian emperor Franz Joseph, went into shock.

200px-Franz_josephAustria-Hungary was outraged, and there were anti-Serbian riots in Sarajevo and Mostar, [1] but it required weeks of careful planning and considered judgement on the part of the Secret Elite to fan the understandable outrage and bring about the great European war for which they had planned since before 1905. Furthermore, it required the highest level of diplomatic skill and political nous, allied to press connivance, unseen sleights of hand and downright lies to achieve the ultimate goal of war with Germany. War apparently started by Germany; war that would once and for all crush Germany and…

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The Assassination of Franz Ferdinand (4): The Smoking Gun

Archduke Ferdinand lying in state

The mortal remains of Sophie and Ferdinand were interred at Artstetten castle on 4 July. Nine days later Dr Friedrich von Wiesner, the Chief Austrian investigator, forwarded an interim report to Vienna containing three major points. Firstly, the Greater Serbia movement aimed to sever the Southern Slav region from Austria by revolutionary violence. He pointed an accusatory finger at the Serbian nationalist group Narodna Odbrana, stating that the Belgrade government had made no attempt to curb its activities. Secondly, von Wiesner unmasked Major Tankosić and ‘the Serbian official Ciganovic’ as the men responsible for training and supplying the assassins with weapons, and both the frontier authorities and the customs officers for smuggling them into Bosnia. These facts he deemed ‘demonstrable and virtually unassailable’. [1] He concluded by stating cautiously, that there was no conclusive proof at that time, that the Serbian Government had any knowledge of the assassination or had co-operated in preparing it. [2]

Friedrich von WiesnerDr von Wiesner’s oral report, delivered some two days later, was more comprehensive and came to a momentous conclusion. The Serbian government had known everything about the assassination. He had unearthed more evidence of Serbian complicity, but his telegrammed report of 13 July was destined to be hijacked and later grossly misrepresented by the American delegation at the War Guilt Commission in 1919. Their two most senior delegates, Secretary of State Robert Lansing and Counsellor James Scott Brown, deliberately chose a 31-word extract from Von Wiesner’s brief report which they claimed ‘proved’ that Austria had no evidence of Serbian involvement [3] Such deliberate falsification suited their cause. It was used as part of the post-war onslaught against Germany and Austria to lay the blame for the world war entirely on their shoulders. Lansing and Brown stand accused of deliberately falsifying history in order to malign the Austrian and German governments.

By October, when the Young Bosnians were brought to trial the Austrian authorities had overwhelming evidence of Serbian complicity. Despite this, the conspirators insisted in deflecting blame from Serbia. Under cross-examination, Princip was defiant: ‘I believe in unification of all South Slavs in whatever form of state and that it be free of Austria.’ Asked how he intended to realize his goal he responded: ‘By means of terror.’ [4] Although they had been trained in Serbia, the Young Bosnians had no knowledge of the influences that dictated policy further up the chain of command. Indeed, few if any within that chain knew who was empowering the next link. Princip and his group genuinely believed that they were striking a blow for freedom and emancipation Trial of conspiratorsand could not bring themselves to accept that they had been duped into literally firing someone else’s bullets.

The Austrian court did not accept their attempts to hold Serbia blameless. [5] The verdict was decisive, with the court correctly finding that the military commanders in charge of the Serbian espionage service collaborated in the outrage. Four of the assassination team were executed by hanging in February 1915, but the younger members, like Princip, were given prison sentences. He died in prison in 1918 from tuberculosis exacerbated by a botched amputation. Crucially, the trail of culpability had not been covered over.

Above all else, the Secret Elites had to ensure that no links could be traced from Serbia to Russia. Russian complicity in the Archduke’s death would have altered the balance of credibility for the Entente cause. All links to Sazonov in particular had to be airbrushed. That in turn meant that the web of intrigue between Serbia and Russia be cleansed. The outbreak of war in August slowed down this process, but only delayed the outcome.

Nicholai Hartwig, Russian ambassador to Serbia, died in Belgrade in very strange circumstances. On a visit to the Austrian ambassador, Baron von Giesel, on 10 July1914, Hartwig collapsed, allegedly from a massive ‘heart attack’. The Serbian press immediately published inflammatory articles accusing the Austrians of poisoning Hartwig while he was a guest at their legation. The Austrians, of course, knew from decoded diplomatic telegrams, that Hartwig was at the centre of intrigues against Austria-Hungary. [6] Was this an old-fashioned Roman-style act of retribution or, were the Secret Elite simply very fortunate that a fifty-seven year old diplomat dropped dead in the Austrian legation barely two weeks after the assassination in which he was complicit?

Denials echoed around Europe, no-where more vehemently than in Britain, where the Secret Elite had to vilify any suggestion that Russia was involved with internal Bosnian or Austro-Hungarian politics. The Times led the outcry;

‘The latest suggestion made in one of the Serbian newspapers is that M de Hartwig’s sudden death in the Austro-Hungarian Legation at Belgrade the other day was due to poison. Ravings of that kind move the contempt as well as the disgust of cultivated people, whatever their political sympathies may be.’ [7]

Ravings indeed. The Times, and those it represented, clearly wanted to squash such speculation. It was far too close to the truth. If the idea that Hartwig had been murdered because he was involved in the Archduke’s assassination gained credence, British public opinion would turn even sourer against Russia. At the request of the Serbian Government, Hartwig was buried in Belgrade in what was virtually a State funeral. Every notable Serbian, including the Prime Minister, attended. Officially Hartwig suffered death by natural causes. Unofficially, a very important link in the chain of culpability was buried along with his corpse.

Some three years later, with the tide of war turned violently against Serbia, Colonel Apis and the officers loyal to him were arrested. At a Serbian Court Martial Colonel Apisheld on the frontier at Salonika on 23 May 1917, Apis and eight of his associates were indicted on various trumped up charges, unrelated to Sarajevo, and sentenced to death, Two others were sentenced to 15 years in prison. The Serbian High Court reduced the number of death sentences to seven and King Alexander commuted another four, leaving Apis and two others to face the firing squad. [8]

Colonel Apis effectively signed his own death warrant when he confessed to the Salonika court that he had enlisted men to carry out the assassination. ‘In agreement with Artamanov, the Russian military attaché, I hired Malobabic to organise Ferdinand’s murder upon his arrival in Sarajevo.’ [9] The explosive part of that statement was the opening phrase ‘in agreement with Artamanov’. His revelation of Russian involvement had to be silenced. Much to his own surprise, for Colonel Apis truly believed, right up to the moment of death that his contacts in England, France and Russia would intervene on his behalf, he was executed on 26 June 1917 by firing squad. [10] In reality, Apis was silenced; put to death by order of those who desperately needed to permanently bury the complicity of Russia in the Sarajevo assassination. [11] It was judicial murder.

By one means or another, the lower levels of the web of culpability were blown away. The Young Bosnians had in their naivety been willing sacrifices to a cause they never knew existed. Hartwig was dead. Murdered? Probably, but all that really mattered was that his voice would never be heard again. Our understanding of his role in managing the Russian intrigues has to remain, at best, incomplete. There was plenty to hide, and no doubt at all about Russian complicity. [12] The Soviet collection of diplomatic papers from the year 1914 revealed an astonishing gap.During the first days of the October Revolution in 1917, Hartwig’s dispatches from Belgrade for the crucial period between May and July, 1914 were removed by an unknown person from the archives of the Russian Foreign Ministry. Three years dead and his was a voice they still had to gag. [13] Finally, Apis and his Black Hand associates were removed from any future enquiry or the temptation of a lucrative memoir. Blown away; all of them, in the expectation that the truth about their direct involvement would disappear in the confusion of war.

And yet the world has been asked to believe that the murder of Archduke Franz-Ferdinand was carried out by a bunch of lucky amateurs who inadvertently set the world ablaze. What nonsense. Having failed to entice the Austrians and their German allies into an angry indiscretion over the Balkan wars, the Secret Elite laid a most devious trap, which also might well have come to nothing unless deceit had not been taken to an unprecedented level. Court historians have deliberately misrepresented the complex events of July 1914 and perpetuated the myth that after Sarajevo, world war was inevitable. Their stance is based on claims that the opposing Alliance systems, Kaiser Wilhelm IIsecret treaties and acceleration of armaments production in Europe were destined to end in war. The Kaiser, in their view, lusted for world domination, misled his people and deliberately used the Archduke’s assassination as an excuse to drag Europe into ‘Armageddon’.

These incredible concoctions gained credence over the twentieth century through deliberately falsified histories and received learning. Whoever challenged them was deemed to be a ‘revisionist’ or a ‘conspiracy-theorist’ and sometimes even a traitor. An official cloak of confusion was woven through the manipulations and misrepresentations presented as ‘evidence’ at Versailles in 1919, to deliberately and unfairly lay blame on the Kaiser and Germany. When that cloak is stripped away it is patently clear that it was not Germany that wanted war, or forced war on Europe in 1914. That particular infamy belongs to the Secret Elite in London.

[1] Friedrich von Wiesner, ‘Austria’s Life and Death Struggle Against Irredentism’, New York Times Current History of the European War, vol. 28 (1928), issue 4, p.632.
[2] Austrian Red Book No 17 quoted in Sidney B Fay, The Origins of the World War, vol.1. pp.6-7.
[3] von Wiesner, ‘Austria’s Life and Death Struggle Against Irredentism’ p.632.
[4] Harry Elmer Barnes, ‘Germany Not Responsible for Austria’s Actions’, New York Times Current History of the European War, vol. 28 (1928), issue 4 p.622.
[5] W.A. Dolph Owings, The Sarajevo Trial, Part 1, pp.527–30.
[6] Barnes, ‘Germany Not Responsible for Austria’s Actions’, p.620.
[7] The Times, 16 July 1914.
[8] David MacKenzie, Apis, The Congenial Conspirator, pp.329 and 344–7.
[9] Ibid., pp.129-130.
[10] Vladimir Dedijer, Road to Sarajevo, pp.398–400.
[11] Harry Elmer Barnes, Genesis of the World War, p.731.
[12] Victor Serge, ‘La Verité sur l’Attentat de Sarajevo’, in Clarte, no. 74, 1 May 1924.
[13] Dedijer, Road to Sarajevo, p.513.

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The Assassination Of Franz Ferdinand (3): Firing The Bullets

Archduke Ferdinand need not have been killed. Warnings about the perilous nature of his safety abounded. Despite this, the Governor of Bosnia, the Austrian General Potiorek, was determined that the visit would go ahead. Desperate pleas from the Chief of Police, who believed that the Archduke was in grave danger, were ignored. The very date of the visit, 28 June was particularly provocative. It was St Vitus Day, historically and emotionally significant to the Serbs, the anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo Poyle, (1389) the victory that unified the Serbian nation against the Turkish invader.

That alone should have been a warning. The Police chief’s fears were dismissed by the Governor and he was ridiculed by Sarajevo’s military committee when he requested a cordon of soldiers to line the streets as a precaution. He pleaded with them not to publish the route of the Archduke’s cavalcade through the city, but to no avail. Newspapers carried detailed notices of times and places to view the Archduke’s processional visit. [1] A request that additional police officers be brought in from the country was rejected because it would cost too much. Security measures were left in the hands of providence.

The conspirators, and there were seven in the Young Bosnian team, stood at intervals along the avenue called Appel Quay – or the avenue of Assassins as the Archbishop of Sarajevo would later dub it – and mingled freely with the crowds for an hour and a half before the Archduke’s arrival. Franz Ferdinand on Apell Quay seconds before the assassinationThough Bosnia could boast a first-class political intelligence, no-one, no police officer, no undercover police agent, no vigilant citizen questioned them. [2]

The events of what might safely be deemed the world’s most devastating assassination have been well documented. A botched bomb-throwing left the Archduke shaken and stirred, but physically unmarked. Officials in the following car were not so lucky. His cavalcade stopped briefly before continuing to the Town Hall. Strained speeches made pretence that all was well. Despite the shameful outrage, troops were not called in from the barracks, nor additional police summoned for protection. Franz Ferdinand demanded to go to the hospital to see for himself how one of the governor’s assistants, wounded by the bomb-blast, was faring. [3] Incredibly, the cavalcade returned along the same ‘Avenue of Assassins’, from where the first bomb had been thrown, but turned into the wrong street. Potiorek ordered the driver to stop and reverse. In doing so, he placed the Archduke directly in front of young Princip who promptly shot both him and his unfortunate wife, Sophie. The police arrested Princip on the spot before he could use his cyanide.

The assassination succeeded, despite the amateurism of the conspirators, because the victim was more or less served up on a plate.  Governor Potiorek’s behaviour was astonishing. The car was on its way to the hospital (Franz Ferdinand had insisted on going there to see an assistant wounded in the bomb throwing) but Potiorek, with the  Archduke and  his wife now both badly wounded, ordered the driver to proceed to the Governor’s residence instead. Confused? We should be. Had Potiorek acted in shock, or did he know it was already too late? It was suggested at the time that Austria had set up the assassination deliberately in order to provoke a war. In Franz Ferdinand and his wifethe bitter rage of accusation and counter-claim that followed after 1914, all sides made allegations against each other. In the 1920s, and over the decades since, much evidence has come to light from documents that had been ‘lost’ or removed ‘unofficially’. There is now a huge body of diplomatic evidence that links Russia and Serbia to the assassination, [4] but none that supports the suggestion that the low-security visit of Archduke Ferdinand to Sarajevo was in some way organised with the intention of exposing him to the risk of assassination. Had the great crime gone to plan, all of the Young Bosnians should have committed suicide. They were expendable. Dead Bosnians tell no tales. The links in the chain of responsibility would have been broken. That was supposedly why the assassins had been supplied with the cyanide phials. The headline they sought was of a noble death-pact assassination which would leave the authorities completely bewildered, and the coffee-houses of Europe abuzz with revolutionary admiration. Cabrinovic, who threw the first bomb, immediately took the cyanide pill and leapt fifteen feet into the shallow River Miljacka. Police officers hauled him out of the mud-flat, vomiting uncontrollably. Arrested immediately after the shooting, Princip had no opportunity to swallow the cyanide.

The cyanide failed to be effective for any of the Young Bosnians. There was to be no self-directed mass martyrdom.  But what if the vials had been deliberately formulated with a dose of cyanide that was insufficient to kill?   In his book, Lord Milner’s Second War, John Cafferky poses the pertinent question; did Apis and the Serbian government want them taken alive so that they could be questioned by the authorities and the link with Serbia proved?  The whole point of the exercise, after all, was to provoke Austria into a war with Serbia.  [5]

Princip's arrestWith suspicious simplicity, the Austro-Hungarian authorities arrested and prosecuted all but one of the Sarajevo assassins, together with the agents and peasants who assisted them on their way. How they managed to track all of the alleged conspirators so quickly begs the question about how much they knew in advance. The major charge against the Young Bosnians was conspiracy to commit high treason which carried a maximum sentence of death. Within a few days of the assassination, the Austrians had set up a judicial investigation. They were convinced that the Young Bosnians had been equipped from Belgrade and that the plot had originated from there. What the Austrians wanted to know was the extent to which the Serbian government was directly involved. [6] The Austro-Hungarian Foreign Ministry sent its top legal counsellor, Dr von Wiesner, to Sarajevo to investigate the crime.

[1] David James Smith, One Morning in Sarajevo28 June 1914, p.166.
[2] Vladimir Dedijer, Road to Sarajevo, pp.317–19.
[3] Smith, One Morning in Sarajevo, p.193.
[4] Alexander, Count Hoyos, ‘Russia Chief Culprit in Precipitation of World War’, New York Times Current History of the European War, vol.28 (1928), p.628.
[5] John Cafferky, Lord Milner’s Second War, pp.193-208.
[6] Friedrich von Wiesner, ‘Austria’s Life and Death Struggle Against Irredentism’, New York Times Current History of the European War, vol.28 (1928), pp.630–3.

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The Assassination of Franz Ferdinand (2): Making The Bullets

Colonel Apis’s organisation had infiltrated Mlada Bosna, the Young Bosnians, a revolutionary group whom they equipped and trained to carry out the Sarajevo Assassination. These young men were far more intellectual than the narrow chauvinistic Black Hand. They wanted to go beyond independence from Austria-Hungary, to change the primitive nature of Bosnian society. They challenged the authority of existing institutions of state, church, school and family and believed in socialist concepts; egalitarianism and emancipation of women. Young Bosnians stood for modernism, intellectualism and a brave new world. [1] They were spurred by revolution, not narrow nationalism, and under different circumstances would have been swept aside by Black Hand aficionados.

Apis knew just the man to organise and lead the assassination team, Danilo Ilić. He had worked as a school teacher and as a bank worker, but in 1913 and 1914 he lived with his mother, who operated a small boarding house in Sarajevo. Ilić was leader of the Serbian Black Hand terrorist cell in Sarajevo, and as such was known to Colonel Apis personally. He provided the perfect link between the two organisations. [2] Ilić was also a close friend of Gavrilo Princip, the student destined to fire the fatal shot.

Apis used three trusted Serb associates in planning the assassination. His right hand man, Major Tankosić, was in charge of guerrilla training, and brought the would-be assassins to a secret location in Serbia where his specific role was to ensure that the Young Bosnians knew how to handle guns and bombs effectively. He was tasked to teach them the art of the assassin and get them back over the border and into Sarajevo safely. The second, Rade Malobabić was the chief undercover operative for Serbian Military Intelligence. His name appeared in Serbian documents captured by Austria-Hungary during the war which describe the running of arms, munitions, and agents from Serbia into Austria-Hungary under his direction. [3] His assessment was that the Young Bosnians were capable of the task. The third Black Hand conspirator was Milan Ciganovic. He supplied the assassination team with four revolvers and six bombs from the Serbian army’s arsenal. Crucially, each was given a vial of cyanide to take after they had murdered the Archduke. Their suicides would ensure that the trail could not be traced back to Apis and Hartwig.

Nikolai Pascic, Serbian prime MinisterCiganovic played an equally important dual role. He was a trusted confidant of the Serbian Prime Minister, Pasic, and was ultimately protected by him from the volcanic fall-out after Sarajevo. Critically, Ciganovic’s involvement meant that members of the Serbian government knew in advance about the proposed assassination. [4] and had time to consider the consequences. Yet in spite of this guilty knowledge, Pasic took no steps to arrest the conspirators or warn Austrian authorities of the impending disaster. [5]

Hartwig was the conduit to Sazonov and Isvolsky for updates on the conspirators. Through them, the Secret Elite were advised of the progress of their plans. Everything appeared to be running smoothly, but Serbian intrigues hit political turbulence at precisely the wrong moment. The unity of Serbia’s political, military and royal leaders, nestling behind the muscle of their Russian minders, had been a feature of Serbian success in the Balkan Wars. Prime Minister Pasic, Colonel Apis and Prince Alexander were all supported by Ambassador Hartwig towards the ambitions of a Greater Serbia. But suddenly, just days before the planned assassination, a power struggle erupted for control of the country. Apis attempted to organise a coup to dismiss Pasic, allegedly over a minor detail of precedence, but found that his power-base in the Serbian military had shrunk.

But the killer blow to Colonel Apis’s aspirations came from two external powers. Russia, more accurately the Sazonov/Isvolsky axis, would not countenance the removal of Prime Minister Pasic and his cabinet. Hartwig slapped down any notion of resignations. At the same time the French president, Poincare let it be known that a Serbian Opposition regime could not count on financial backing from Paris. [6] The King, caught between old loyalties and Russian pressure, withdrew from political life. He transferred his powers to Prince Alexander, a man who resented Apis’s authority in Serbian military circles.

Look again at these events. With the assassination just days away, the last thing that Sazonov, Isvolsky, Poincare and their Secret Elite masters in London would have entertained in June 1914 was a change of government in Serbia that did not owe its very existence to their power and money. Apis, the ultra-nationalist, was not a man to take orders. He had desperately wanted to attack Bulgaria in 1913, but Pasic (no doubt under instructions form Hartwig) had refused to sanction the order. [7] He was neither deferential to Prince Alexander, nor under Hartwig’s thumb. He knew that Pasic was weak and subservient to Russia. It was as if metaphoric scales had suddenly dropped from his eyes, and he understood for the first time that the Russians were exploiting him and his beloved Serbia for their own purposes.

Apis may also have had second thoughts based on his own prospects for survival. He had clearly shaken the ruling cabal in Serbia. Prime Minister Pasic knew about the intended assassination, and in consequence, the Cabinet had closed the borders to known or suspected assassins. Was this self-preservation on their part, an attempt to make it look like the Serbian government had nothing to do with the shooting? Hartwig too knew details of the plans, but never imagined they could be traced back to him. Crucially he did not know that the Austrians were well aware of his intrigues because they had possession of decoded Diplomatic correspondence between Russia and Serbia. [8]

Colonel Apis made a desperate attempt to regain control of events. He ordered a trusted agent to go to Sarajevo and instruct the Young Bosnians to abort the assassination. [Vladimir Dedijer, The Road to Sarajevo, p.309 ] It was all too late. Having slipped out of Belgrade on May 28th and been secretly routed across the border by sympathetic frontier guards they were safely ensconced in Sarajevo ready for the appointed day and ill-disposed to accept any postponement. Ciganovic had ensured they had weapons and cash. The senior officer on the border guard at the time, a member of Black Hand, had been placed there on special assignment to see them safely across.

The bullets were safely in the chamber.

[1] Vladimir Dedijer, Road to Sarajevo, p.175.
[2] Luigi Albertini, Origins of the War of 1914, vol. II, pp.27–28, and 79.
[3] Dedijer, Road to Sarajevo, pp.388–9.
[4] Albertini,Origins of the War of 1914, vol. II, pp.282–3.
[5] Fay, Origins of the World War, vol. I, p.27.
[6] MacKenzie, Apis, p.120.
[7] Dedijer, Road to Sarajevo, p.385.
[8] Barnes, ‘Germany Not Responsible for Austria’s Actions’, New York Times Current History of the European War, vol.28 (1928), issue 4, p.620.

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Assassination Of Franz Ferdinand (1): The Web Of Intrigue

Let one historic myth be put immediately to the sword. The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand and his wife Sophie, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 did not start the First World War. Of itself, the fateful slaying of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian crown was a great crime that did indeed cry out for vengeance, but the hand that pulled the trigger had no knowledge of what lay behind the assistance his band of brothers had been given, or how the act would be misrepresented and manipulated into a universal disaster. Assassinations and politically motivated slayings were not uncommon in that troubled time, with Kings and Queens, aristocracy, political opponents and religious leaders falling victims to usurpers, murderers and zealots with astonishing regularity. It was an age of assassins. What made the death of Archduke Ferdinand different from any other was that the event was assisted by the secret cabal in London, well removed from the heat of the Balkans.

The men who comprised the Secret Elite had previously failed to find their spark for the international conflagration through the Balkan wars of 1912-13 because Germany, in the person of the Kaiser, restrained Austria-Hungary from over-reacting to Serbia’s repeated and deliberate provocation. Indeed, the Dual Monarchy was concerned that the German Ambassador in Belgrade in 1914 was decidedly pro-Serb, and had influenced the Kaiser to take a comparatively benign attitude towards the Serbian cause. [1]Yet it was clear that Austria was the weak link in Germany’s protective armour. She could only absorb so much pressure from antagonistic Serbia before the integrity of the Austria- Hungarian state was destroyed. [2]

Franz Ferdinand leaving City Hall before assassinationThe war-makers required an incident so violent, threatening or dangerous that Austria would be pushed over the brink. But the assassination itself failed to do so. The world was shocked, stunned and in many parts saddened by the Archduke’s death, but no one talked of war in June 1914. Immediate blame was pointed at the pan-Serb movement, though the implication of revolutionary elements from Bosnia-Herzegovina was not ruled out. The Serbian minister in Vienna denounced the assassination as ‘a mad act of fanatical and political agitators’ [3] as if to suggest that it had been a dastardly and ill-timed mischance.

It was not. In fact the process of bringing about the assassination had been exceptionally well constructed. Austria-Hungary was aware of the external dangers that lay across the Serbian border. Its military intelligence had intercepted and deciphered a large number of diplomatic telegrams that detailed Russian involvement with several activist groups. [4] They knew that the Russian Ambassador in Belgrade, Nicolai Hartwig, was manipulating the Serbian Government to destabilise the region. They knew that Hartwig was in control of the internal politics of Serbia. They knew of his links back to the Russian foreign minister Sazonov in St Petersburg, and to the Paris-based warmongers, Isvolsky and Poincare, but like everyone else, they were not aware of the real power centred in London. No-one was.

The Secret Elite in London funded and supported both the Russian Ambassador in Paris and the French prime minister himself. They influenced the Russian foreign minister in St Petersburg, but kept a very low profile in such matters. Their work had to be undertaken in great secrecy. The links in the chain of command from London went further, deeper and more sinister when extended from Hartwig into the Serbian military, their intelligence service, and the quasi-independent nationalist society, Black Hand. And deeper yet, into the young Bosnian political activists who were willing to pull the trigger in Sarajevo – students whose ideas on socialism and reform were influenced by revolutionaries like Trotsky. As each level in the web of culpability extended away from the main Secret Elite chain of command, precise control became less immediate. Sazonov in St Petersburg considered that Hartwig in Belgrade was ‘carried away occasionally by his Slavophile sympathies’ [5] but did nothing to curtail him. [6] Hartwig in turn supported and encouraged men whose prime cause he willingly shared and whose actions he could personally approve, but not at every stage, control.

Black Hand Seal and MottoNicolai Hartwig the Russian Ambassador worked in close contact with his Military Attaché, Artamanov, who had been posted to Belgrade to advise and liaise with the Serbian Army. These men were intrinsically linked to the assassinations in Sarajevo by their chosen agent, the founder and dominating figure in the Serbian Black Hand, and the most influential military officer in Serbia, Colonel Dragutin Dimitrjievic or Apis .[7] The English traveller and Balkan commentator, Edith Durham, described the Black Hand as a mafia-type society, Masonic in secret self-promotion, infiltrating the Serbian military, civil service, police and government. It produced its own newspaper, Pijemont, which preached intolerance to Austria-Hungary and ‘violent chauvinism’. It became the most dangerous of political organisms, a government within the government, responsible to none. Crimes were committed for which no-one took responsibility. The government denied any knowledge of it, yet King Petar was literally placed on the throne by these men. Efforts by responsible politicians to tackle the subversion of good government by the Black Hand, came to nothing. [8] Hartwig’s friendship and respect for Apis may be measured by his description of his group as ‘idealistic and patriotic’ [9] and there is no doubt that it suited Hartwig’s purpose to approve Apis’s promotion to Chief of Intelligence in the summer of 1913.

It is important that we clearly identify every link in the chain of intrigue that surrounded the fateful assassination in Sarajevo in June 1914. Apis was deliberately given responsibility for an intelligence organisation financed from Russia. His life’s purpose was the establishment of a Greater Serbia. He was first, foremost and always a Serb. He worked in collusion with the Russian military attaché, Artamanov, and secured a promise from him that Russia would protect Serbia should Austria attack them in the wake of his actions. [10] .In other words, Russia was prepared to give Serbia a blank-cheque guarantee that whatever happened, she would stand by her. For Apis, what was required was a demonstration of Serbian self-determination that would force the issue once and for all and bring about permanent change.

The Austrian government presented the opportunity in March 1914 when they announced that Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Hapsburg dual-monarchy, would visit Sarajevo in June.  Although they had reliable information that Serbian agitators ‘in conjunction with influential Russian circles’, wished to strike a decisive blow against the Austrian Monarchy, [11] they chose to ignore it. The Secret Elite had four crucial months in which to spin their web of intrigue and catch their ultimate prize.

[1] Editorial, New York Times Current History of the European War, vol. 28 (1928), issue 4, p.619.
[2] Harry Elmer Barnes, ‘Germany Not Responsible for Austria’s Actions’, New York Times Current History of the European War, vol.28 (1928), issue 4, p.621.
[3] The Times, Tuesday 30 June 1914, p.8.
[4] Editorial, New York Times Current History of the European War, vol.28(1928), issue 4, p.619.
[5] Sidney B Fay, Origins of the World War, vol.I, p.439.
[6] Ibid., p.27.
[7] Ibid.
[8] Edith Durham, Sarajevo Crime, pp.197–201.
[9] David MacKenzie, Apis, The Congenial Conspirator, p.275.
[10] Harry Elmer Barnes, In Quest of Truth and Justice, p.43.
[11] Friedrich von Wiesner, ‘Austria’s Life and Death Struggle Against Irredentism’, New York Times Current History of the European War, vol.28 (1928), issue 4, p. 63.

Posted in Archduke Ferdinand, Assassination, Balkans | Leave a comment

The Dead Hand Of History

Dead men tell no tales. Any investigation into crimes against truth should also include a consideration of suspicious and untimely deaths which silenced dangerous voices against the will of the Secret Elite. Strange deaths in the pre-war period include that of the Italian General Alberto Pollio. Italy had renewed its membership of the Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria on 5 December 1912, but the British Foreign Office, initially bolstered by Edward VII’s frequent meetings General Alberto Polliowith Italian royalty in the first decade of the century, had secretly manoeuvred the Italians away from that commitment. There was one fly in the proverbial ointment. While the Secret Elite could influence general policies and overarching treaties, they could not guarantee the actions of individuals. The Italian Military Chief of Staff, General Alberto Pollio was one such individual. He did not belong to the diplomatic or ruling classes. He was loyal to the stated commitment to Germany. They were not.

German–Italian military discussions took place in December 1912 shortly after the renewal of the Triple Alliance, and Pollio promised the German Chief of Staff, von Moltke that Italy would mobilise her forces if, and as soon as, war was declared. Pollio intended to honour what he understood to be Italy’s international commitments. By March 1914 he had gone so far as to agree that the Italian third army would serve under direct German command. German optimism for a second front along Italy’s borders with France was based on Pollio’s assurances, and his strength of character and proven loyalty placed his intentions above suspicion. [1]

Through secret Anglo-Italian agreements made behind Polio’s back, the government in Rome planned to observe a strictly neutral stance when war broke out. In February 1914, the unwitting Pollio even assured the Germans that he would send two cavalry divisions and three to five infantry divisions into Germany through Southern Tyrol [2] to help them implement the Schlieffen Plan. The question was, would the Italian army follow Pollio or the government? Strange, then, that Pollio ‘just happened’ to suffer a heart attack on the same day as the Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated. His condition was ‘misdiagnosed’ as a gastric ailment and the unfortunate Pollio was given a strong purgative. He died on 1 July 1914 and Italy’s part in the Schlieffen Plan died with him. [3] Pollio had been the one man in Italy who would have stood up to the politicians and made a case for the honour and dignity of the nation. He died from a gastric ailment that reeked of Agrippina’s poisoning of Claudius centuries before. On hearing the bad news the Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph exclaimed in utter frustration that ‘everyone is dying around me’ [4] With General Pollio out of the way, the Italian Cabinet had no powerful voice raised against its decision to adopt a neutral stance when war was declared.

Was General Pollio’s untimely death mere co-incidence? Consider this, nine days later, Nicholai Hartwig, the Russian ambassador in Serbia dropped dead, allegedly from a massive heart attack during a visit to the Austrian Ambassador at Belgrade. Hartwig was directly implicated in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand on 28 June, and his pivotal role will be fully explained in a subsequent posting. The Serbian press immediately published several inflammatory articles accusing the Austrians of poisoning Hartwig while he was a guest at their legation, but the Secret Elite dampened down such speculation through The Times, their mouthpiece in London, which described such talk as ‘ravings’. [5] Absolving Russia from any connection with the assassination was absolutely vital to their long term interest.

Colonel Dragutin Dimitrjievic, aka Colonel ApisThat fact alone accounts for the death by execution of another figure closely associated with the Sarajevo assassination. Some three years after the event Colonel Dragutin Dimitrjievic, also known as Apis, and officers loyal to him, were indicted on various false charges unrelated to Sarajevo. He effectively signed his own death warrant when he confessed to the court marshal that, in agreement with the Russian military attaché in Serbia, he had hired an agent to organise Ferdinand’s murder. [6] The explosive part of his statement was the revelation of Russian involvement in the assassination, and Apis had to be silenced. Much to his own surprise, for Colonel Apis truly believed, right up to the moment of death that his contacts in England, France and Russia would intervene on his behalf, he was executed on 26 June 1917. [7] In reality, Apis was silenced; put to death by order of a Serbian government that desperately needed to permanently bury its complicity with Russia in the Sarajevo assassination. [8] It was judicial murder.

French Socialist leader,  Jean JauresWhat price then the assassination of the French socialist party leader and anti-militarist, Jean Jaures? He publicly called on workers in France and Germany to take part in general strikes and thus stop both countries from going to war. On 31 July he was gunned down in Le Croissant, a café in the Montmatre district of Paris. Jaures was the voice of reason, appealing to Europe to ‘keep cool’. [9] His voice too was silenced.

Another co-incidence? Perhaps, but they were oh so convenient for the warmongers. Many of those with tales to tell did not live long enough to tell them. Alexander Isvolsky, the Russian ambassador to France and a man intimately associated with the Secret Elite, started to write his biography but was found dead, slumped over his desk with pen in hand before he could finish the first volume. [10] Strangely, all of Isvolsky’s copious papers and telegrams from July 1914 disappeared. His biographer, Friedrich Stieve, considered the likelihood of a ‘prudent holocaust’ of his incriminating documents. [11] Most frustratingly we will never read the memoirs of General Pollio on the disingenuous Italian government, or Hartwig’s confessions of a manipulative Russian ambassador. Apis was executed before he could implicate the Serbian government and its supporters, and Alexander Isvolsky’s autobiography was doomed to dust as he began to progress his personal account of how he helped cause the war. The voice of reason with which Jean Jaures was influencing working class Europeans against war was brutally silenced. Each of these men could have affected both the war and our understanding of its causes. Each in his own way was a danger to the Secret Elite.

Utterly unacceptable as those deaths were, in the light of the lies that have been purveyed as history it is surely of even greater concern that Carroll Quigley pointed an accusing finger at those who monopolised ‘so completely the writing and the teaching of the history of their own period’. There is no ambivalence in his accusation. The Secret Elite controlled the historical record through numerous avenues including the Northcliffe newspapers, but none more effectively than Oxford University. Almost every important member of the Milner Group, which dominated and led the Secret Elite, was a fellow of one of three colleges – Balliol, New College or All Souls. They controlled these colleges and, in turn, largely dominated the intellectual life of Oxford in the field of history. [12] Historians beholden to the Secret Elite for senior academic posts were at the forefront of the justification of the war. Their influence at Oxford was so powerful that they also controlled the Dictionary of National Biography, which meant that the Secret Elite wrote the biographies of its own members.[13] They created their own official history of key players for public consumption, striking out any incriminating evidence and portraying the best public-spirited image for each.

All Souls College, OxfordIn addition many of the official histories of the war were commissioned through these Oxford historians and widely disseminated. Popular magazine-types like The Illustrated History of the First World War were written by journalists closely associated with Lord Northcliffe who was in turn, deeply involved with the Secret Elite and their war to destroy Germany. Nelson’s History of the Great War was accredited to John Buchan, an Oxford man better known as the author of adventure stories, but a member of the Secret Elite, groomed by Alfred Milner in South Africa.

The Oxford link goes ever on and undoubtedly will continue. We will be dealing with this connection in great detail in future postings. Some famous names may already be known to you. A.J.P. Taylor, lecturer in modern history at Oxford from 1938 to 1963, was a prolific and popular historian from the 1960s until his death in 1990. He was the classroom ‘guru’ with virtually every school course in modern history in the land using his texts. When he decided that it was not true to claim that ‘mobilisation means war’, then that was what was taught as fact, no matter the contrary evidence from Russia, from France, or from the waves of diplomatic telegrams warning the Russians to mobilise in secret because Germany would know that it meant war.

In like vein, Sir Michael Howard, formerly Chichele professor of the history of war at Oxford, fellow of All Souls and emeritus professor of modern history at Oxford, denied the automatic implication of mobilisation, claiming that ‘Russian mobilisation gave her [Germany] the excuse’. [14] So the mobilisation of between one and two million Russian soldiers on Germany’s border was simply used as an excuse by Germany to go to war: a war on two fronts that she had desperately striven to avoid. No evidence was offered by either of these learned authorities. They spoke ex cathedra, pronouncing the verdict of Oxford on the causes of the First World War like medieval popes, and God help the student that questioned their divine bull.

Norman Stone, Professor of Modern History at Oxford between 1984 and 1997, also blamed Germany for the war: ‘Princip stated if I had not done it, the Germans would have another excuse. In this, he was right. Berlin was waiting for the inevitable accident.’ [15] Sir Hew Strachan, Chichele professor of the history of war at Oxford and a fellow of All Souls, and the historian placed in charge of the war centenary ‘commemorations’, also absolved Britain and France of blame. His conclusion was that for those liberal countries struggling to defend their freedoms against Germany, the war was far from futile.

The Oxford message remains clear: blame Germany. Histories of the First World War should be treated with critical caution, especially those emanating from Oxford University, the spiritual home of the Secret Elite.

A completely different tactic to suppress the truth emerged in the inter-war years. In 1929 Harry Elmer Barnes, professor of history at the prestigious Columbia University published The Genesis of the World War. His conclusion, based on documents and statements that had been ignored by official histories, was that Germany and Austria were not to blame for the war. He pointed an accusatory finger at France and Russia, and as a result fell foul of what he termed, ‘court historians’. To his dismay, the book was suppressed. Barnes explained:

‘A major difficulty has been the unwillingness of booksellers to cooperate, even when it was to their pecuniary advantage to do so…booksellers even discouraged prospective customers who desired to have The Genesis of the World War ordered for them.’ [16]

Booksellers unwilling to sell books? That was surely an unusual situation, unless of course, other influences – powerful, moneyed influences – wanted to restrict the circulation and squeeze the life from such work. Barnes expanded the historic debate by inviting major Triple-Alliance politicians who played key roles in July 1914 to provide eyewitness evidence for a special edition of the New York Times Current History Magazine in July 1928. The result was a fierce rejection of German war guilt, [17] and the Secret Elite grew concerned. If this revisionist historical research was allowed to continue unabated, they faced the possibility of being unmasked. Their response was a sudden growth of anti-revisionist histories by Court historians in the 1930s.

A number of historians and authors who offered critical analysis which came to very different conclusions about the causes of the First World War appear to have been given very limited shelf-life. Even though sales were good, second and subsequent editions never went to print. Professor Carroll Quigley’s histories have themselves been subject to suppression. Unknown persons removed Tragedy and Hope from the bookstore shelves in America, and it was withdrawn from sale without any justification soon after its release. The book’s original plates were unaccountably destroyed by Quigley’s publisher, the Macmillan Company, who, for the next six years ‘lied, lied, lied’ to him and deliberately misled him into believing that it would be reprinted.[18] Why? What pressures obliged a major publishing house to take such extreme action? Quigley claimed that powerful people had suppressed the book because it exposed matters that they did not want known.

It would appear that a similar fate has been visited on our book Hidden History, The Secret Origins of the First World War published in July 2013. Although we as authors were fortunate to be invited to address a sell-out audience at the Edinburgh International Book Festival in August, the book has been completely blanked, with no reviews whatsoever published in mainstream newspapers or journals. Our literary agent stated that he has never known anything like it in his 40 years in the publishing business.

The dead hand of history weighs heavy on those who would speak truth to power.

[1] Ruth Henig, The Origins of the First World War, p.190.
[2] John Whittam, The Politics of the Italian Army, 1861-1918, p.179.
[3] Luigi Albertini, The Origins of the First World War, vol. 1, p.559.
[4] Sidney B Fay, The Origins of the World War, vol. II, p.187.
[5] The Times, 16 July 1914.
[6] David MacKenzie, Apis, the Congenial Conspirator, pp.129-130.
[7] Vladimir Dedijer, The Road to Sarajevo, pp.398–400.
[8] Harry Elmer Barnes, Genesis of the World War, p.731.
[9] The Times, 31 July 1914, p.7.
[10] Friedrich Stieve, Isvolsky and the First World War, p.9.
[11] Ibid., p.209.
[12] Carroll Quigley, Anglo-American Establishment, p.98.
[13] Ibid., p. 99.
[14] Michael Howard, The First World War: A Very Short Introduction, p.24.
[15] Norman Stone, World War One, p.19.
[16] Barnes, In Quest of Truth and Justice, p.x.
[17] New York Times Current History Magazine in July 1928, pp.619-40.
[18] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JeuF8rYgJPk%5D

Posted in Assassination, France, Germany, Italy, Secret Elite, United Kingdom | Leave a comment

The Theft Of History

The truth about the First World War remains hidden. Serious historians, researchers and interested members of the public have been thwarted in their attempts to find out what really happened. In 1914 the first casualty of war was the truth and even a century later members of the British Establishment persist in disseminating their lies and myths. They have much to hide. We will demonstrate that facts about the causes of the war, the questionable events during it, and ludicrous claims made afterwards, were all subjected to rigid censorship, misinformation, propaganda, carefully selected documentary ‘proofs’, unsubstantiated ‘evidence’ and complicit, officially approved histories. The Secret Elite not only caused the war but dictated afterwards how it was recorded and translated into history. It was their war, and we are taught their history. Professor Quigley warned of the inherent danger of the Secret Elite’s ‘triple-front penetration’ of politics, the press and education. ‘No country that values its safety’ he declared, should allow what this cabal of elites accomplished:

‘that is, that a small number of men would be able to wield such power in administration and politics, should be given almost complete control over the publication of documents relating to their actions, should be able to exercise such influence over the avenues of information that create public opinion, and should be able to monopolize so completely the writing and the teaching of the history of their own period. [1]

The Secret Elite dictated the publication of official documents, not only their own sources, but also those of the defeated nations. Their control of the historical record was absolute. They decided what would or would not be allowed into the public domain. For example, the British Blue Book, which contained the diplomatic exchanges in the weeks preceding the war, was presented to Parliament on 6 August, 1914, supposedly to prove Britain’s good intent and absolve her from any responsibility. Arranged in chronological order, the telegrams appeared to be complete, candid and convincing: a studied confirmation of Foreign Secretary Sir Edward Grey’s ‘determined efforts to preserve peace’. [2] Years later evidence released from Moscow in the wake of the Bolshevik Revolution clearly showed that three of the telegrams Grey had presented to Parliament as crucial proof of his attempts to prevent war had never even been sent. The claim by the British ambassador in St Petersburg that, with one exception, all of the diplomatic exchanges between him and the Foreign Office were included in the Blue Book [3] was a scandalous lie. Professor Sydney Fay of Harvard found that ‘more than a score’ had not been included and that important passages from telegrams and letters had been judiciously cut. [4]

The Russian Orange Book contained 79 documents that emphasised her efforts for peace, but it concealed the truth about Russia’s general mobilisation that led directly to war, and falsely blamed Austria and Germany. [5] The Orange Book omitted the conciliatory proposals that had been made by Kaiser Wilhelm II during the July crisis, and all evidence of the aggressive Franco-Russian policies that had been agreed between President Poincare of France and the Czar. [6] The long-delayed French Yellow Book likewise suppressed incriminating telegrams altogether and altered others to imply the French desire for peace and German responsibility for the war. The Secret Elite were ruthless in their manipulation of official documents like the British Blue Book. The French Yellow and Russian Orange Books were likewise riddled with omissions and misinformation to conceal the truth and were faithfully portrayed by their propaganda machines as evidence of German war guilt. With the advantage of evidence not available at the time, their collusion is now obvious. In 1914, only the Secret Elite’s trusted agents knew of the diplomatic and foreign office connivance between Britain, France and Russia throughout the month of July 1914. [7]

Bodleian Library at OxfordThe Secret Elite went to great lengths to cover all traces of their conspiracy. Letters to and from Alfred Milner, their undisputed leader, were culled, removed, burned or otherwise destroyed. [8] Milner’s remaining papers, held in the Bodleian Library at Oxford University, bear witness to the zeal with which much evidence of wrongdoing has been obliterated. Secret dispatches that he sent to his friend Lord Selborne have disappeared. Milner burned private and personal telegrams [9] and what remains of the cull undertaken by his wife after his death represents only the bare rump of his voluminous correspondence.

Incriminating letters sent by King Edward VII, himself a member of the inner-core of the Secret Elite, were subject to an order that on his death they must be destroyed immediately. Admiral Jacky Fisher, erstwhile First Sea Lord, noted in his Memories that he had been advised by Lord Knollys, the king’s private secretary, to burn all letters sent to him by the king. Fisher consequently burned much of his royal correspondence but couldn’t bear to part with it all. [10] Lord Nathaniel Rothschild, leading international banker and founder member of the secret society, likewise ordered that his papers and correspondence be burned posthumously lest his political influence and interventions became known. As his biographer commented, one can but ‘wonder how much of the Rothschilds’ political role remains irrevocably hidden from posterity’. [11] If anything, the systematic conspiracy of the Secret Elite’s place-men in the British government to cover all traces of their devious machinations was far worse.

Even if we assume that the surviving records of the Committee of Imperial Defence were accurate, what remains tells us more about what is missing. Cabinet records for the July Crisis, covering the 4th to the 21st, relate almost exclusively to Ireland. [12] Discussion about the Balkans? None. Fears about the dangers implicit in the Austro-Serbian dispute? Nowhere. Belgium? No mention. No papers remain that raised concerns about a German invasion of Belgium. It had to appear that this conundrum had suddenly been sprung on Britain. While the official notice in the Public Record Office List of Cabinet Papers warns that ‘the papers listed … are certainly not the whole of those collectively considered by Cabinet Ministers’, the gap is breathtaking, and no effort has been made to explain why crucial records are missing or what happened to them. No Cabinet Papers whatsoever, from 14 July until 20 August, survived the cull. By which time the First World War had entered its third week. It beggars belief that so much has disappeared, [13] and the logical question is, why?

Much is missing in Britain’s official record of the First World War, but in fairness to the librarians and custodians of the Public Record Office, they could only catalogue what they were given. The British public has a right to know the full extent of what has been secretly retained, hidden, or gone ‘missing’. In the early 1970s, the Canadian historian Nicholas D’Ombrain began researching War Office records. He noted: The Registry Files were in a deplorable condition, having suffered the periodic ravages of the policy of ‘weeding’. One such clearance was in progress during my foray into these files, and I found that my material was being systematically reduced by as much as five-sixths.’ [14]

Astonishingly, a large amount of ‘sensitive’ material was actually removed as the academic went about his business. Where did it go? Who authorised its removal? In addition, D’Ombrain noted that minutes of the Committee of Imperial Defence and ‘circulation and invitation lists’ together with much ‘routine’ correspondence had been destroyed. [15] What still required to be hidden from historians and researchers in 1970? That D’Ombrain found five-sixths of the total files melting away in front of him demonstrated clearly that others still retained a vested interest in keeping the evidence of history hidden. D’Ombrain is but one of a number of historians thwarted by the ‘disappearance’ of documentation.

Official memoirs covering the origins of the First World War were very carefully vetted. Sir Edward Grey’s Twenty-Five Years is an appalling excuse for a record of fact, and the convenience of his failing memory rings hollow. Lloyd George’s War Memoirs contain numerous pieces that suggest a censor’s pen. Instead of detailing the help he received from Lord Rothschild at the very start of the war, Lloyd George restrained his comment to ‘it was done’, [16] leaving the reader to wonder precisely what ‘it’ was. He does however draw attention to the controversial and self-glorifying diaries written by Sir Douglas Haig, Commander of the British Army, and radically altered by Lady Haig to the extent that there were two versions of the supposedly same record. Haig’s re-written and frequently altered diaries were liberally used by his biographer, and family friend, Duff Cooper to glorify him. [17] The version that Haig sent directly to King George V criticised many of his fellow commanders, but these were removed by Lady Haig lest Sir Douglas’s reputation be affected. [18] A great deal more will be said at appropriate times about Sir Douglas Haig. When Sir George Buchanan, the British ambassador at Petrograd, an important player in the Secret Elite’s trusted diplomatic corps, penned his memoirs, My Mission to Russia and other Diplomatic Memories, it contained information that the Establishment considered too revealing for publication. His daughter Meriel stated that he was obliged to omit passages from his book on pain of losing his pension. [19] Take care. Memoirs have been tampered with.

Bad as this is, it is of relatively minor importance compared to the Secret Elite’s outrageous theft of the historical record from across Europe. In the immediate post war years, hundreds of thousands of important documents pertaining to the origins of the Herbert HooverFirst World War were taken from their countries of origin to the west coast of America and hidden away in locked vaults at Stanford University. The documents, which would without doubt have exposed the real perpetrators, had to be removed to a secure location and hidden from prying eyes.

Herbert Hoover, a future US President, was the Secret Elite agent charged with the mammoth task of removing incriminating documents from Europe. During the war, Hoover played a major role for the Secret Elite in operating an emergency food-supply organisation that was allegedly created to save starving Belgian civilians.

No government gave official sanction to the removal of historical documents. It was theft dressed as a philanthropic act of preservation for the benefit of future historians. Indeed, like the thief in the night, stealth was the rule of thumb. Ephraim Adams, professor of history at Stanford University and a close friend of Hoover from their student days, was called to Paris to coordinate the great heist and dress it in a cloak of academic respectability. Hoover recruited a management team of ‘young scholars’ from the American army and secured their release from military service. They used letters of introduction and logistical support from Hoover to collect the documentary evidence and establish a network of representatives throughout Europe. [20] They made the right contacts, ‘snooped’ around for archives and found so many that Hoover ‘was soon shipping them back to the US as ballast in the empty food boats’. [21]

Consignment of documents removed from EuropeHoover recruited an additional 1,000 agents whose first haul amounted to 375,000 volumes of the ‘Secret War Documents’ of European governments. [22] Hoover’s Secret Elite controllers were primarily interested in material relating to the war’s origins and the workings of the Commission for Relief of Belgium. Other documents relating to military aspects of the war itself were ignored. The secret removal and disposal of incriminatory British and French material posed little or no problem for the Secret Elite, and, surprisingly, once the Bolsheviks had taken control, access to Russian documents proved straightforward. Professor Miliukov, foreign minister in the old Kerensky regime, informed Hoover that some of the Czarist archives pertaining to the origins of the war had been concealed in a barn in Finland. Hoover later boasted that ‘Getting them was no trouble at all. We were feeding Finland at the time.’ [23]

The Secret Elite thus took possession of a mass of evidence relating to the old Czarist regime that undoubtedly contained hugely damaging information on the top secret negotiations which went on between the Russian Foreign Office and Paris and London before the war started. They had to remove the evidence of Russian mobilisation because it proved that Germany acted in self defence. It might at first appear strange that the Bolsheviks cooperated so willingly by allowing Americans to remove another 25 carloads of material from Petrograd. [24] According to the New York Times they bought the Bolshevik documents from a ‘doorkeeper’ for $200 cash, [25] but clearly there were darker forces at play.

The removal of documents from Germany presented few problems. Fifteen carloads of material were taken, including ‘the complete secret minutes of the German Supreme War Council’ – a ‘gift’, according to Hoover, from Friedrich Ebert, first president of the post-war German Republic. Hoover explained this away by claiming that Ebert was ‘a radical with no interest in the work of his predecessors’, [26] but the starving man will exchange even his birthright for food. Hoover’s people also acquired 6,000 volumes of documents covering the complete official and secret proceedings of the Kaiser’s wartime conduct of the German empire. [27] Where then is the vital evidence to prove Germany’s guilt? Had there been proof it would have been released immediately. There was none. Taking possession of the German archives was especially crucial since they would have proved conclusively to the world that Germany had not started the war.

The ‘Hoover War Library’ became so packed with documentary material that it was legitimately described as the largest in the world dealing with the First World War. [28] In reality, this was no library. While the documents were physically housed within Stanford, the collection was kept separate and only individuals with the highest authorisation and keys to the padlocks were allowed access. In 1941, 22 years after Hoover began the task of secreting away the real history of the First World War, the first carefully selected documents were made available to the public. What was withheld from view or destroyed will never be known. Suffice to say that few if any First World War historians have ever reproduced or quoted any controversial material from that source. Indeed, it is a startling fact that no war historian has ever written about this illicit theft of European documents to America: documents that relate to arguably the most crucially important event in European and world history. And so the theft of history remains a crime for which no-one has ever faced trial, because no government has ever laid formal charges. Perhaps they should.

[1] Carroll Quigley, The Anglo American Establishment, p. 197.
[2] Sidney B Fay, Origins of the World War, vol. I, p. 5.
[3] George Buchanan, My Mission to Russia, vol. 1, p. 100.
[4] Fay, Origins of the World War, vol. I, p. 29.
[5] Ibid., p. 5.
[6] Barnes, Genesis of the World War, p. 40.
[7] Docherty and Macgregor, Hidden History, pp 252-300.
[8] A M Gollin, Proconsul in Politics, p. 551, in footnote.
[9] Milner Papers, Milner to Selborne, 5 April 1899, Bodleian Library, Ms.Eng.Hist. c.688.
[10] Baron John Arbuthnott Fisher, Memories and Records, vol. 1, p. 21.
[11] Niall Ferguson, House of Rothschild, vol. II, p. 319.
[12] Cabinet Papers, CAB 37/120/ 69, 81, 90.
[13] List of Cabinet Papers, 1880–1914. PRO booklet.
[14] d’Ombrain, War Machinery and High Policy, preface, p. xiii.
[15] Ibid.
[16] David Lloyd George War Memoirs, Vol.1, p. 70.
[17] David Lloyd George, War Memoirs, Vol. II, pp 2011-2015.
[18] Nikolas Gardner, Trial By Fire, pp. 228-230.
[19] Meriel Buchanan, The Dissolution of an Empire, pp. 192–207.
[20] Charles G. Palm and Dale Reed, Guide to the Hoover Institution Archives, p. 5.
[21] Whittaker Chambers, Hoover Library
[22] New York Times, 5 February 1921.
[23] Whittaker Chambers, Hoover Library
[24] Ibid.
[25] New York Times, 5 February 1921.
[26] Whittaker Chambers, Hoover Library
[27] New York Times, 5 February 1921.
[28] Hoover Institution, Stanford University

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The Secret Elite (3) Building The Network; Spreading The Word

From 1905 Alfred Milner set himself the mammoth task of preparing the Empire for war and bringing ‘the most effective pressure to bear at once’ if the necessity arose. He gave serious consideration to how the different countries within the British Empire would react to war with Germany. In the early years of the twentieth century the Empire covered a very large portion of the earth’s surface, with a population of some 434,000,000, including Milner with his 'Kindergarten' in South Africaover 6,000,000 men of military age. [1] It was a vast untapped source of fighting men, the cannon fodder to ensure victory, which could neither be ignored nor taken for granted. They feared that the Dominions might ‘abstain from a future war with Germany on the grounds that they had not participated in the decision to make war.’ [2 ] One of Milner’s first tasks was to arrange a colonial conference in London in 1907 in order to bring them on-board. It was vital that the Empire was wholly organised for war, and shared the Secret Elite vision.

The young men who had worked so loyally for Alfred Milner in South Africa returned to Britain fired by a determination to promote the Secret Elites’ grand plans. They dubbed themselves ‘The Round Table’, a grand Arthurian title which suggested equality of rank and importance, nobility of purpose and fairness in debate. In fact it was an unholy association of the secret society. Most members of the Round Table were lifelong friends who resolved to do great things together in the ‘national interest’. [3] Alfred Milner was both elder statesman and father figure, and his role in the Round Table was described as that of ‘President of an Intellectual Republic’. [4] Their objective was to win power and authority in national and imperial affairs. Round Table groups were essentially ‘propaganda vehicles’ comprising influential people that Quigley believed were created ‘to ensure that the dominions would join with the United Kingdom in a future war with Germany’. [5]

Their plan involved the formation of powerful semi-secret groups to influence governments and newspaper proprietors in America and throughout the Empire. Once they had a blueprint and a body of supporters in all parts of the world, ‘the quiet conspiracy could give way to a great crusade’. [6] They promoted their aims anonymously in their periodical, The Round Table: A Quarterly Review of the Politics of the British Empire. The first article in the first issue of November 1910, titled ‘Anglo-German Rivalry’, was deliberately provocative and set the tone for all the anti-German rhetoric that was to come. Carroll Quigley confirmed that this was the overriding purpose of the Round Table: ‘There can be no doubt that the original inspiration for the Round Table movement was to be found in anti-German feeling. In fact, there are some indications that this was the primary motive…’[ 7]

Round Table members aimed to gain political control and set the political agenda, but they were not willing to stand up in public. They preferred to remain behind the curtain and exercise power through political puppets whom they funded and endorsed. All was to be managed in secret, hidden from the electorate and unreported in the press. How dangerous are those who believe that they have the capacity to think and plan for the world’s good, impervious to the will of the people and disdainful of democracy itself? Closer ties with the United States were considered of crucial importance and a Round Table group was established in New York to encourage links between Westminster and Washington, and high finance in the City of London and Wall Street.

Cecil Rhodes last will and testamentSecret Elite ties to the United States were exceedingly strong. If Rhodes original dream had taken effect, America would have returned to the Empire and played a subsidiary role to the mother of parliaments, [8] but by the turn of the twentieth century that was an impossible aspiration. However the growth of transatlantic commerce and investment and the U.S. banking links established by Rothschild and the City of London opened the door. Rich and powerful Anglo-centric eastern establishment elites on Wall Street who shared the values of the Secret Elite in London sold their souls and their services. A semi-secret organisation, the Pilgrims Society, was established on both sides of the Atlantic to promote the friendships and mutual interests, and pave the way for war. Ostensibly it claimed to seek everlasting peace. [9] Membership of the elite New York branch was closely restricted to those who could influence and manipulate politics and the press in America in favour of the Anglo-American Establishment.

President Woodrow WilsonMembers of the JP Morgan-Rockefeller trusts and Wall Street financiers controlled the elections of pliable candidates to Congress and the Presidency itself. As if by magic a minor college president and political nonentity called Woodrow Wilson was conjured by the Democratic Party, launched into a Governorship in 1910 and propelled into the White House within two years. His Secret Elite handler, Edward M House, was given his own suite of rooms in the White House. One year on, at Christmas 1913, the Secret Elite’s political pawns and corrupt banking officials created the Federal Reserve System which put the control of America’s money supply in their hands. [10] Despite loud opposition, the Federal Reserve Bill was rushed through Congress and rapidly signed into effect by the puppet President in time to finance the British, French and, by default, the Russian war effort.

President Wilson was not the only head of state whose high office had been bought with Secret Elite money. Over the short but critical years of his reign (1901-10), King Edward VII played an important role with his Secret Elite compatriots, wooing the Czar, misleading the Kaiser, and building friendships with important European politicians and diplomats who happily committed themselves to the destruction of Germany. In France, King Edward and the Secret Elite promoted the political careers of Theophile Delcasse and Raymond Poincare from the anti-German ‘revanchiste’ group, blatant warmongers who detested Germany because she had annexed Alsace and Lorraine from France Edward Mandel Houseafter the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. These ‘revanchists’ talked reverently of the ‘lost provinces’ and lived for revenge. [11] They had one objective in mind, a further war against Germany to win back ‘their land’. The Secret Elite bribed the French press to support Raymond Poincare, firstly as prime minister in 1912 and then as President of France in 1913. It is no mere co-incidence that by 1914 the Secret Elite controlled the key men in the British cabinet as well as the presidents of France and the United States. [12]

They were also very active in Russian politics. King Edward had spoken to his cousin the Czar in favour of Alexander Isvolsky, the Russian foreign minister and later ambassador to France, whom he had befriended on a trip to Denmark in 1905. Isvolsky’s colourful and very expensive lifestyle extended well beyond his means which required to be supported by ample funds from the Secret Elite. [13] His complicity was easily bought. He hated Austria-Hungary for almost ruining his career in 1908, and stirred the Balkan countries against the Austrian Empire. [14] Bolstered by regular cash injections he was secretly assured that in the event of a successful war with Germany, Constantinople would be annexed to Russia. It was an effective but empty promise by perfidious Albion. As we will explain in detail later, the Secret Elite planned to carve up a Middle East that did not include Raymond PoincareRussia. Vast wealth lay in oil-rich sands of Persia and Mesopotamia, while Egypt guarded the vital sea-artery at Suez and the future of Palestine lay in the balance. The surrender of Constantinople to Russia was absolutely out of the question. No government in London would have survived such a disastrous concession to a nation that was distinctly unpopular with the British public. But Isvolsky believed his masters in London and loyally Theophile Delcassepromoted their cause. Together, Delcasse, Poincare and Isvolsky were key figures in the lead-up to war and their influence over the Russian and French mobilisations in 1914 was crucial. All three owed their positions to the Secret Elite whose slush funds were made available to buy public opinion through the press.

Professor Quigley pointed to the ‘triple front penetration’ [15] which the Secret Elite employed to advance their cause through control of politics, the press and the writing of history. We have demonstrated how they had long controlled the political world through placemen and back-room machinations. Their control of the press was a more modern power-play. Milner above all knew how to manipulate newspapers and influence editorials. From his earliest years as a journalist working at the Pall Mall Gazette, his influence had been critical. His association with the crusading journalist W H Stead in the 1880s, brought him into contact with a number of other aspiring young journalists who went on to become major figures in the newspaper industry His personal network of journalist friends included Geoffrey Dawson, editor of The Times, Edmund Garrett at the Westminster Gazette, and E T Cook at the Daily News and Daily Chronicle. All were named by Professor Quigley as members of the secret society. [16] Crucially, they influenced public opinion by directing editorial policies in their newspapers.

Alexander IsvolskyThe Times, considered by Professor Quigley to be the public voice of the Secret Elite, [17] had an intimate connection with the Foreign Office. Incredibly, Times correspondent, Charles Repington, had his own room within the War Office and was given secret access to Foreign Office and War Office correspondence. The newspaper proprietor, Alfred Harmsworth, who was most supportive of Alfred Milner during the Boer War, was closely linked to the Secret Elite, given a peerage as Lord Northcliffe, and was supported by them in his takeover of The Times in 1908. The price he paid for this honour was an obligation to retain the newspaper’s age-old policies. Editors could be changed but the essence of control always remained within the ranks of the Secret Elite. In fact The Times had been controlled by the Secret Elite for years, with members of the innermost circle ‘swarming about the great newspaper’. [18] Northcliffe’s newspaper stables also included the Daily Mail, the Daily Mirror and the Daily Graphic. Thus in the years leading up to war a large and influential section of the British press was working to the rabid Secret Elite agenda of poisoning the minds of the British public against Germany.

Secret Elite control of the press was relatively straightforward and while the writing of history might appear more difficult, they shamelessly exerted control over academic historians and journalists to ensure that their version of the history of the war was the only one. The task of writing the Times History of the War in South Africa had been entrusted to Milner’s young acolytes and edited by Leopold Amery and Basil Williams, both listed by Professor Quigley as members of the Secret Elite. [19] The Times correspondent Flora Shaw, again a good friend of Alfred Milner and member of the Secret Elite, had access to the business of the Colonial Office and when The Times sponsored an update of the Encyclopaedia Britannica she was explicitly invited to revise and rewrite the imperial section. Surely not? Invited to revise and rewrite history? It may sound incredible, but it is certainly true.

The Secret Elite engineered their war against Germany with detailed precision and unrivalled cunning. What lay ahead was devastating but in their eyes, entirely necessary. There was a new Carthage. Germany had to be destroyed; not beaten, destroyed. Milner and his Round Table built up their connections with the press across the British Empire and infiltrated American newspapers through the Pilgrims and the Round Table. They bought the careers of President Wilson in America and President Poincare in France, where his election was crucially aided by Alexander Isvolsky’s abundant bribery and corruption. [20 ] Secret Elite control of politics and the Press was virtually complete, and we look next at the triple front approach which targeted the writing of history. Professor Quigley revealed that through Oxford University they were ‘able to monopolize so completely the writing and teaching of the history of their own period.’ [21]

[1] Niall Ferguson, The Pity of War, p. 93.
[2] Carroll Quigley, The Anglo-American Establishment, p.117.
[3] A M Gollin, Proconsul in Politics, p. 164.
[4] J. Lee Thompson, A Wider Patriotism, p. 138.
[5] Quigley, The Anglo-American Establishment, p. 121.
[6] Walter Nimocks, Milner’s Young Men, p. 157.
[7] Quigley, The Anglo-American Establishment, 326.
[8] W. T. Stead, The Last Will and Testament of Cecil John Rhodes, p. 59.
[9] New York Times, 3 March 1903.
[10] G. Edward Griffin, The Creature from Jekyll Island, p. 23.
[11] Harry Elmer Barnes, Genesis of the World War, pp. 387-8.
[12] Gerry Docherty and Jim Macgregor, Hidden History, The Secret Origins of the First World War, pp. 223-4.
[13] Barnes, In Quest of Truth and Justice, p. 17.
[14] John S. Ewart, The Roots and Causes of the Wars, vol. II, p. 936.
[15] Quigley, The Anglo-American Establishment, p. 197.
[16] Ibid., pp. 311-12.
[17] Ibid., p.102.
[18] Ibid., p.42.
[19] Ibid., pp 312-313.
[20] Friedrich Stieve, Isvolsky and the World War, p. 117.
[21] Quigley, The Anglo-American Establishment, p. 197.

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The Secret Elite (2) Milner the Puppet-master

Alfred Milner stood above all others at the centre of this elite cabal. He was involved from the start and dedicated to the cause of elite Anglo-Saxon global rule. He maintained unquestioned authority among fellow members of the secret society, no matter their great riches and background. He was perhaps the one man among them who completely understood the entire process of manipulating power and dictating history, and was fearless in his ultimate objective. Without Milner at the helm from the moment of Rhodes death in 1902, it is doubtful if any other could have held the Secret Elite together with the steely determination to instigate the First World War. Unelected and unaccountable, he later sat in the inner-most sanctum of Lloyd George’s War Cabinet directing the British war policies from 1916-1918, a testament to his true stature. Yet he is virtually unknown to all but a few academics, deliberately airbrushed from history, hidden from unwanted intrusion from those who still seek to know and understand the First World War.

Milner was cocooned by the most powerful men in the British Empire. He held sway with the Rothschilds and other immensely wealthy bankers, with the shadowy Lord Esher who controlled access to the monarch, with the press baron, Lord Northcliffe and editors and writers for The Times and other major newspapers. He had the ear of monarchs and was ennobled as Viscount Milner. While Governor General in South Africa he had drawn around him a select group of Oxford graduates from Balliol and New College, moulding them into the most loyal and trustworthy acolytes known as Milner’s Kindergarten. Names like Lionel Curtis, Leo Amery, Philip Kerr, Robert Brand, Geoffrey Dawson and John Buchan went on to play highly significant roles for the Secret Elite in their war against Germany, and were rewarded with stellar careers in politics, law, business and finance. They were always Milner’s men. He was likewise intimately associated with top men in British politics. In the Liberal party they included Henry Asquith, Edward Grey, David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill. His association with Conservative leaders such as Arthur Balfour, Lord Lord RobertsLansdowne, Lord George Curzon, Robert Cecil and Edward Carson was born in Oxford, blossomed through the Boer War years, and never ceased to bear fruit in directing policy from behind closed doors. Milner was also closely linked to the British military hierarchy, Field Marshall Lord Roberts in particular, during his years in South Africa at the time of the Boer War.

The Boer War proved an embarrassment which demonstrated clearly that the British Army was not fit for purpose and had to be reformed. This vital task was given to Alfred Milner’s trusted friend, the Liberal member of parliament, Richard Haldane. As Secretary of State for War from 1905-1912, Haldane successfully created the British Expeditionary Force and modernised the War Office. However, the all powerful Field Marshall Lord Roberts who, although nominally retired from the army in 1905, retained his influence on military high command from behind the scenes. Like many of the earliest members of the Secret Elite, Roberts had bonded with Milner in the heat of the Boer War and was encouraged to continue his elder-statesman role among the high ranking officers of the British Army. As a member of the Secret Elite, Roberts’s approval for those appointed to most senior posts was a pre-requisite for their success, and they ultimately formed a cadre of senior officers that we have named the ‘Robert’s Academy’.

Officers with outstanding leadership qualities and clear strategic thinking were overlooked for promotion, while members of the Roberts Academy with little discernible talent were promoted on the basis of their intense loyalty to the old field marshal and the secret agenda to which he was committed. The ordinary British soldier paid a very high price indeed for the disgraceful nepotism and outdated ideas of the Roberts Academy. Men such as General Douglas Haig, who ordered the disastrous attack at the Somme in 1916, retained greater faith in the effectiveness of the 19th century cavalry charge over the machine gun. Through Lord Roberts, Secret Elite influence over the British army and its preparations for war with Germany was absolute. In expanding our understanding of Secret Elite control, we have added the armed forces to Professor Quigley’s concept of their ‘triple-front penetration’ of politics, press and the writing of history.

One of the most secret bodies entrusted with the task of preparing Britain for war with Germany was the Committee for Imperial Defence, (CID) set up after the Boer War fiasco to assist and advise the prime minister. Few politicians knew of the Committee’s existence and fewer still were aware of its top-secret sub-committee empowered in 1905 to prepare for joint military and naval action with France. The CID was dominated and controlled by the Secret Elite. Lord Esher was given permanent membership. Maurice Hankey, the powerful secretary of the CID was approved by both Milner and Roberts, and likewise was on 3 August 1914 a member of the Secret Elite. He organised meetings, prepared agendas and minutes, and requested every government department in Whitehall to prepare a War Book with detailed instructions on what to do once war was declared. Hankey’s value to the Secret Elite was unmatched and his influence eventually extended to the War Cabinet itself. Only the Secret Elite and their agents in government, Asquith, Grey, Haldane, Churchill and Lloyd George, knew about the preparations being made jointly with France and Russia for war with Germany. By August 1914, Prime Minister Asquith and Foreign Secretary Grey had repeatedly denied Britain’s secret commitment to go to war, and continually lied about it in parliament.

Foreign Secretary, Sir Edward GreyThe most powerful department of government, and one that seemed to be solely accountable to itself, was the Foreign Office. Headed from 1906 onwards by Sir Edward Grey, it manipulated treaties, approved secret codicils, organised royal visits, fostered Secret Elite-supported conferences across the Empire and the Dominions, and controlled every aspect of British foreign policy. Grey had been chosen as Foreign Secretary by the Secret Elite as a safe pair of hands to lead this global power-base even although he had no justifiable qualifications to do so. He was barely coherent in spoken French, then the international language of diplomacy, and as Foreign Secretary, never left the shores of Britain until 1914. He was guided at every turn by the Secret Elite’s carefully selected mandarins in permanent posts within the Foreign Office. Sir Edward Grey was academically undistinguished, took his politics from The Times editorials, and was protected by his associates in the Secret Elite. He was a staunch imperialist fully attuned to the Secret Elite objective and had the support of Alfred Milner. He was rarely challenged in parliament by either his own Liberal Party or the opposition, and on 3 August 1914 it was he who steamrollered the Cabinet and parliament into a declaration of war with Germany. The men who pulled the strings behind this puppet-statesman were linked to Milner and the Secret Elite in a variety of ways; they included the vehemently anti-German Sir Eyre Crowe, permanent secretary Sir Arthur Nicolson, Sir George Buchanan, ambassador to Russia, Sir Francis Bertie, ambassador to France and Viscount Bryce, who had been ambassador to the United States. These were the men who controlled the information that was passed to Grey, annotated diplomatic telegrams and prepared his speeches. All had important roles to play in the genesis of the war and in the war itself.

This secret, select, privileged, wealthy and frequently ennobled cabal steadily embraced the wealthiest international bankers and industrialists whose interests, by the eve of war, stretched across the Atlantic to America. Some were members of the Secret Elite inner core like Lord Nathaniel (Natty) Rothschild who ensured that Alfred Milner had no financial worries by giving him a directorship of his highly profitable Rio Tinto mining company. Milner was also made a member of the London Joint Stock Bank, director of the Mortgage Company of Egypt, and the Bank of British West Africa. Indeed, so many lucrative posts were thrust at him that Milner had to turn down a directorship of The Times and of the armaments giant, Armstrong-Whitworth. Despite these multiple directorships, Alfred Milner’s most important post was as unchallenged leader of the Secret Elite.

Do not for a second imagine that the financial world’s allegiance and patronage of Milner and the Secret Elite was limited to the Rothschilds. Sir Ernest Cassel, friend and financier to King Edward VII, Lord John Revelstoke of Barings Bank, members of the Bank of England, the Rand millionaires Sir Alfred Beit and Sir Abe Bailey and later associates like Waldorf Astor were all closely involved. The British South Africa Company was a nest of Secret Elite vipers, and most tellingly, they controlled vast holdings in the armaments industry. Vickers, the Nobel Dynamite Trust, Cammel Laird, John Brown Shipbuilders and Armstrong Whitworth were but some of the international companies whose major shareholders were linked to the secret society.

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